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19th letter in the English language alphabet

S
S due south ſ
(See below)

Usage
Writing organization	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic and Logographic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	/south/ /ʃ/ /θ/ /ts/ /ʒ/
Unicode codepoint	`U+0053, U+0073`
Alphabetical position	nineteen
History
Development	Σ σ ς ς 𐌔 Due south southward ſ
Fourth dimension period	~-700 to present
Descendants	ſ ß Ƨ Ꞅ $ ₷ § ℠ ᛋ ∫
Sisters	Ꚃ ꚃ Ѕ ѕ С с Ш ш Щ щ Ҫ ҫ Ԍ ԍ ש ش ܫ س ࠔ 𐎘 𐡔 ሠ ㅅ (disputed) Ս ս श स શ સ
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters usually used with	due south(x), sh, sz
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, encounter Aid:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, come across IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

S, or south, is the nineteenth alphabetic character in the Modern English language alphabet and the ISO bones Latin alphabet. Its name in English is ess ^[i] (pronounced ), plural esses.^[2]

History

Origin

Northwest Semitic šîn represented a voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ (equally in 'ship'). It originated most probable as a pictogram of a tooth ( שנא ) and represented the phoneme /ʃ/ via the acrophonic principle.^[three]

Ancient Greek did not take a /ʃ/ phoneme, and so the derived Greek letter of the alphabet sigma ( Σ ) came to stand for the voiceless alveolar sibilant /s/. While the letter shape Σ continues Phoenician šîn, its name sigma is taken from the letter samekh, while the shape and position of samekh but name of šîn is continued in the eleven.^{[ citation needed ]} Within Greek, the proper noun of sigma was influenced by its clan with the Greek word σίζω (earlier *sigj- ) "to hiss". The original proper name of the letter of the alphabet "sigma" may take been san, but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, "san" came to be identified as a separate letter, Ϻ.^[4] Herodotus reports that "San" was the name given by the Dorians to the aforementioned letter of the alphabet chosen "Sigma" by the Ionians.^[v]

The Western Greek alphabet used in Cumae was adopted by the Etruscans and Latins in the 7th century BC, over the post-obit centuries developing into a range of Old Italic alphabets including the Etruscan alphabet and the early Latin alphabet. In Etruscan, the value /southward/ of Greek sigma (𐌔) was maintained, while san (𐌑) represented a separate phoneme, most probable /ʃ/ (transliterated as ś). The early Latin alphabet adopted sigma, but not san, as One-time Latin did not take a /ʃ/ phoneme.

The shape of Latin S arises from Greek Σ by dropping one out of the four strokes of that letter. The (angular) South-shape composed of iii strokes existed as a variant of the iv-stroke letter Σ already in the epigraphy in Western Greek alphabets, and the three and 4 strokes variants existed alongside 1 another in the classical Etruscan alphabet. In other Italic alphabets (Venetic, Lepontic), the letter could be represented as a zig-zagging line of whatsoever number between 3 and six strokes.

The Italic letter was also adopted into Elder Futhark, every bit Sowilō (ᛊ), and appears with four to eight strokes in the earliest runic inscriptions, but is occasionally reduced to iii strokes (ᛋ) from the afterward 5th century, and appears regularly with three strokes in Younger Futhark.

Long s

Late medieval German script (Swabian bastarda, dated 1496) illustrating the utilize of long and round due south: prieſters tochter ("priest'due south girl").

The minuscule form ſ, chosen the long s, developed in the early on medieval flow, inside the Visigothic and Carolingian hands, with predecessors in the half-uncial and cursive scripts of Late Antiquity. It remained standard in western writing throughout the medieval flow and was adopted in early on printing with movable types. Information technology existed alongside minuscule "round" or "short" due south, which was at the fourth dimension but used at the end of words.

In most western orthographies, the ſ gradually fell out of use during the 2d one-half of the 18th century, although it remained in occasional apply into the 19th century. In Spain, the change was mainly accomplished between the years 1760 and 1766. In France, the change occurred betwixt 1782 and 1793. Printers in the The states stopped using the long s betwixt 1795 and 1810. In English language orthography, the London printer John Bell (1745–1831) pioneered the modify. His edition of Shakespeare, in 1785, was advertised with the claim that he "ventured to depart from the common mode by rejecting the long 'ſ' in favor of the round one, as being less liable to error....."^[6] The Times of London made the switch from the long to the short s with its issue of x September 1803. Encyclopædia Britannica's 5th edition, completed in 1817, was the final edition to use the long s.

In German orthography, long s was retained in Fraktur (Schwabacher) blazon as well as in standard cursive (Sütterlin) well into the 20th century, and was officially abolished in 1941.^[seven] The ligature of ſs (or ſz) was retained, however, giving rise to the Eszett, ß in gimmicky German orthography.

Use in writing systems

The letter ⟨southward⟩ is the seventh nigh mutual letter of the alphabet in English and the third-almost mutual consonant afterward ⟨t⟩ and ⟨n⟩.^[viii] It is the almost common letter for the first letter of a discussion in the English language language.^[9] ^[10]

In English and several other languages, primarily Western Romance ones like Castilian and French, final ⟨s⟩ is the usual mark of plural nouns. It is the regular catastrophe of English 3rd person present tense verbs.

⟨s⟩ represents the voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant /s/ in most languages every bit well as in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It also commonly represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental sibilant /z/, as in Portuguese mesa (tabular array) or English 'rose' and 'bands', or it may correspond the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative [ʃ], as in nigh Portuguese dialects when syllable-finally, in Hungarian, in German (before ⟨p⟩, ⟨t⟩) and some English words as 'sugar', since yod-coalescence became a ascendant characteristic, and [ʒ], equally in English 'mensurate' (too because of yod-coalescence), European Portuguese Islão (Islam) or, in many sociolects of Brazilian Portuguese, esdrúxulo (proparoxytone) in some Andalusian dialects, it merged with Peninsular Spanish ⟨c⟩ and ⟨z⟩ and is now pronounced [θ]. In some English words of French origin, the letter ⟨due south⟩ is silent, as in 'isle' or 'debris'. In Turkmen, ⟨s⟩ represents [θ].

The ⟨sh⟩ digraph for English /ʃ/ arises in Middle English (alongside ⟨sch⟩), replacing the Onetime English ⟨sc⟩ digraph. Similarly, Sometime Loftier German language ⟨sc⟩ was replaced past ⟨sch⟩ in Early Modernistic Loftier German orthography.

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

ſ : Latin alphabetic character long s, an obsolete variant of s
ẜ ẝ : Various forms of long south were used for medieval scribal abbreviations^[11]
ẞ ß : German Eszett or "precipitous Southward", derived from a ligature of long s followed past either s or z
S with diacritics: Ś ś Ṡ ṡ ẛ Ṩ ṩ Ṥ ṥ Ṣ ṣ S̩ s̩ Ꞩ ꞩ Ꟊꟊ^[12] Ŝ ŝ Ṧ ṧ Š š Ş ş Ș ș S̈ s̈ ᶊ Ȿ ȿ ᵴ^[13] ᶳ^[fourteen]
ₛ : Subscript small s was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902^[15]
ˢ : Modifier letter small southward is used for phonetic transcription
ꜱ : Small capital S was used in the Icelandic Starting time Grammatical Treatise to mark gemination^[11]
Ʂ ʂ : S with claw, used for writing Mandarin Chinese using the early draft version of pinyin romanization during the mid-1950s^[16]
Ƨ ƨ : Latin alphabetic character reversed South (used in Zhuang transliteration)
IPA-specific symbols related to S: ʃ ɧ ^{[ citation needed ]} ʂ
Ꞅ ꞅ : Insular S

Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations

$ : Dollar sign
₷ : Spesmilo
§ : Department sign
℠ : Service marking symbol
∫ : Integral symbol, short for summation (derived from long due south)

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

𐤔 : Semitic letter Shin, from which the post-obit symbols originally derive
Ս : Armenian letter Se

Computing codes

Character information
Preview	S		s
Unicode name	LATIN Capital letter LETTER S		LATIN Small-scale Letter of the alphabet S
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	83	U+0053	115	U+0073
UTF-eight	83	53	115	73
Numeric grapheme reference	S	S	s	s
ASCII ^ane	83	53	115	73

^one Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

Chemistry

The alphabetic character South is used:

In a chemical formula to represent sulfur. For case, SO
₂ is sulfur dioxide.
In the preferred IUPAC proper noun for a chemical, to signal a specific enantiomer. For example, "(S)-2-(four-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acrid" is 1 of the enantiomers of mecoprop.

See too

Cool S
Meet well-nigh Ⓢ in Enclosed Alphanumerics

References

^ Spelled 'es'- in chemical compound words
^ "South", Oxford English Lexicon, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's 3rd New International Dictionary of the English language Language, Entire (1993); "ess," op. cit.
^ "corresponds etymologically (in function, at least) to original Semitic ṯ (th), which was pronounced southward in S Canaanite" Albright, W. F., "The Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from Sinai and their Decipherment," Message of the American Schools of Oriental Enquiry 110 (1948), p. fifteen. The interpretation as "molar" is now prevalent, just not entirely certain. The Encyclopaedia Judaica of 1972 reported that the letter represented a "composite bow".
^ Woodard, Roger D. (2006). "Alphabet". In Wilson, Nigel Guy. Encyclopedia of ancient Greece. London: Routldedge. p. 38.
^ " ...τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα " ('...the same alphabetic character, which the Dorians phone call "San", but the Ionians "Sigma"...'; Herodotus, Histories 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, Non-Attic letters Archived 2012-06-28 at archive.today.
^ Stanley Morison, A Memoir of John Bell, 1745–1831 (1930, Cambridge Univ. Printing) page 105; Daniel Berkeley Updike, Printing Types, Their History, Forms, and Utilise – a study in survivals (2nd. ed, 1951, Harvard University Press) folio 293.
^ Order of three January 1941 to all public offices, signed by Martin Bormann. Kapr, Albert (1993). Fraktur: Course und Geschichte der gebrochenen Schriften. Mainz: H. Schmidt. p. 81. ISBN3-87439-260-0.
^ "English Letter Frequency". Archived from the original on 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2014-05-21 .
^ "Letter of the alphabet Frequencies in the English language Linguistic communication". Retrieved July 2, 2021.
^ "Which English Letter Has Maximum Words". June 25, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Everson, Michael; Bakery, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-thirty). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
^ Everson, Michael; Lilley, Chris (2019-05-26). "L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish" (PDF).
^ Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
^ Lawman, Peter (2004-04-nineteen). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add together additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-ten-eleven. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (2009-01-27). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-xi. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
^ West, Andrew; Chan, Eiso; Everson, Michael (2017-01-xvi). "L2/17-013: Proposal to encode iii uppercase Latin letters used in early on Pinyin" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2019-03-08 .

External links

vargasprocke.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S